Prosecutions for January 2025
The latest available data from the Justice Department show that during January 2025 the government reported 6401 new prosecutions. According to the case-by-case information analyzed by the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (TRAC), this number is up 1.1 percent over the previous month.
The comparisons of the number of defendants charged are based on case-by-case information obtained by TRAC under the Freedom of Information Act from the Executive Office for United States Attorneys (see Table 1).
When monthly 2025 prosecutions of this type are compared with those of the same period in the previous year, the number of filings was up (17.5%). Prosecutions over the past year are still much lower than they were five years ago. Overall, the data show that prosecutions of this type are down 47.8 percent from levels reported in 2020.
The dip in these cases is partly related to increases in the matters filed in U.S. Magistrate Courts. If magistrate cases are excluded and only Federal District Court cases are counted, the overall decrease in prosecutions is 33.4 percent instead of 47.8 percent. The evidence suggests that part of the difference may be the result of improvements in the recording of the magistrate cases by the Justice Department.
Figure 1. Monthly Trends in Prosecutions
The decrease from the levels five years ago in prosecutions for these matters is shown more clearly in Figure 1. The vertical bars in Figure 1 represent the number of prosecutions of this type recorded on a month-to-month basis. Where a prosecution was initially filed in U.S. Magistrate Court and then transferred to the U.S. District Court, the magistrate filing date was used since this provides an earlier indicator of actual trends. The superimposed line on the bars plots the six-month moving average so that natural fluctuations are smoothed out. The one and five-year rates of change in Table 1 and in the sections that follow are all based upon this six-month moving average. To view trends year-by-year rather than month-by-month, see TRAC's annual report series for a broader picture.
Cases were classified by prosecutors into more specific types.
The largest number of prosecutions of these matters in January 2025 was for "Immigration", accounting for 49.9 percent of prosecutions. Prosecutions were also filed for "Withheld by Govt from TRAC (FOIA challen" (13%), "Drugs-Drug Trafficking" (8.8%), "Weapons-Operation Triggerlock Major" (7.4%), "Assimilated Crimes" (3%), "Project Safe Childhood" (2.9%), "Drugs-Organized Crime Task Force" (2.7%), "Other Criminal Prosecutions" (2.3%). See Figure 2.
The lead investigative agency for prosecutions in January 2025 was DHS accounting for 58 percent of prosecutions referred. Other agencies with substantial numbers of referrals were: FBI (13% ), ATF (8%), DEA (8%), Defense (3%). See Figure 3.
Prosecutions in U.S. Magistrate Courts
Top Ranked Lead Charges
In January 2025, 3636 defendants were filed in U.S. Magistrate Courts. These courts handle less serious misdemeanor cases, including what are called "petty offenses." In addition, complaints are sometimes filed in the magistrate courts before an indictment or information is entered. In these cases, the matter starts in the magistrate courts and later moves to the district court where subsequent proceedings take place.
In the magistrate courts in January the most frequently cited lead charge was Title 8 U.S.C Section 1326 involving "Reentry of deported alien". This was the lead charge for 49.9 percent of all magistrate filings in January.
Other frequently prosecuted lead charges include: "08 USC 1325 - Entry of alien at improper time or place; etc." (13.6%), "08 USC 1324 - Bringing in and harboring certain aliens" (8.6%).
Prosecutions in U.S. District Courts
In January 2025, 2765 defendants in new cases for these matters were charged in the U.S. District Courts. In addition during January there were an additional 2577 defendants whose cases moved from the magistrate courts to the U.S. district courts after an indictment or information was filed. The sections which follow cover both sets of cases and therefore cover all matters filed in district court during January.
Top Ranked Lead Charges
Table 2 shows the top lead charges recorded in the prosecutions of matters filed in U.S. District Court during January 2025.
Lead Charge Count Rank 1yr ago 5yrs ago 08 USC 1326 - Reentry of deported alien 2,099 1 1 1 More 21 USC 841 - Drug Abuse Prevention & Control-Prohibited acts A 439 2 2 2 More 18 USC 922 - Firearms; Unlawful acts 412 3 3 3 More 08 USC 1324 - Bringing in and harboring certain aliens 380 4 4 5 More 21 USC 846 - Attempt and conspiracy 133 5 5 4 More 18 USC 1343 - Fraud by wire, radio, or television 89 6 6 8 More 08 USC 1325 - Entry of alien at improper time or place; etc. 87 7 19 13 More 18 USC 2252 - Material involving sexual exploitation of minors 71 9 9 10 More 21 USC 952 - Importation of controlled substances 69 10 8 6 More Table 2. Top Charges Filed
"Reentry of deported alien" (Title 8 U.S.C Section 1326) was the most frequent recorded lead charge. "Reentry of deported alien" (Title 8 U.S.C Section 1326) was ranked 1 a year ago, while it was ranked 1 five years ago.
Ranked 2nd in frequency was the lead charge "Drug Abuse Prevention & Control-Prohibited acts A" under Title 21 U.S.C Section 841. "Drug Abuse Prevention & Control-Prohibited acts A" under Title 21 U.S.C Section 841 was ranked 2 a year ago, while it was ranked 2 five years ago.
Ranked 3rd was "Firearms; Unlawful acts" under Title 18 U.S.C Section 922. "Firearms; Unlawful acts" under Title 18 U.S.C Section 922 was ranked 3 a year ago, while it was ranked 3 five years ago.
Among these top ten lead charges, the one showing the greatest increase in prosecutions — up 92.7 percent — compared to one year ago was Title 8 U.S.C Section 1325 that involves " Entry of alien at improper time or place; etc. ". Compared to five years ago, the largest increase — 22.3 percent — was registered for prosecutions under " Fraud by wire, radio, or television " (Title 18 U.S.C Section 1343 ).
Again among the top ten lead charges, the one showing the sharpest decline in prosecutions compared to one year ago — down 18.9 percent — was " Attempt and conspiracy " (Title 21 U.S.C Section 846 ). Compared to five years ago, the most significant decline in prosecutions — 66 percent — was for filings where the lead charge was " Importation of controlled substances " (Title 21 U.S.C Section 952 ).
Top Ranked Judicial Districts
In January 2025 the Justice Department's case-by-case records show that the government brought 1914 prosecutions for every ten million people in the United States.
Understandably, there is great variation in the per capita number of prosecutions that are filed in each of the nation's ninety-four federal judicial districts.
The districts registering the largest number of prosecutions per capita for these matters last month are shown in Table 3. Districts must have at least 5 prosecutions to receive a ranking.
Judicial District Percapita Count Rank 1yr ago 5yrs ago Arizona 18,053 1,118 1 3 4 More Cal, S 10,612 305 2 4 3 More N Mexico 9,648 170 3 5 5 More Texas, W 8,777 580 4 1 2 More N Dakota 7,501 49 5 38 64 More Texas, S 7,192 621 6 2 1 More Wyoming 6,575 32 7 82 80 More D. C. 5,656 32 8 17 50 More Montana 5,085 48 9 41 70 More Ala, S 4,694 34 10 72 77 More Table 3. Top 10 Districts (per ten million people)
The District of Arizona — with 18053 prosecutions as compared with 1914 prosecutions per ten million population in the United States — was the most active during January 2025. The District of Arizona was ranked 3 a year ago, while it was ranked 4 for most frequent use five years ago.
The Southern District of California (San Diego) ranked 2nd. The Southern District of California (San Diego) was ranked 4 a year ago, while it was ranked 3 for most frequent use five years ago.
District of New Mexico is now ranking 3rd. The District of New Mexico was ranked 5 a year ago, while it was ranked 5 for most frequent use five years ago.
Recent entrants to the top 10 list were Washington, D.C. (Washington), now ranked 8th , and North Dakota at 5th In the same order, these districts ranked 17th and 38th one year ago and 50th and 64th five years ago.
The federal judicial district which showed the greatest growth in the rate of prosecutions compared to one year ago — 190.8 percent — was Arizona . This was the same district that had the largest increase — 144.1 percent — when compared with five years ago.
In the last year, the judicial District Court recording the largest drop in the rate of prosecutions — 17.3 percent — was North Dakota . But over the past five years, New Mexico showed the largest drop — 64 percent.
Top Ranked District Judges
At any one time, there are about 680 federal District Court judges working in the United States. The judges recorded with the largest number of new crime cases of this type during January 2025 are shown in Table 4.
Judge Count Rank 1yr ago 5yrs ago Moses, Alia M. Texas, W 145 1 1 1 More Garcia Marmolejo, Marina Texas, S 89 2 5 3 More Rateau, Jacqueline M. Arizona 73 3 56 96 More Saldana, Diana Texas, S 69 4 4 2 More Crane, Randy Texas, S 64 5 3 10 More Madonald, Bruce Gordon Arizona 61 6 45 96 More Markovich, Eric J. Arizona 59 7 93 109 More Gonzales, Kenneth John N Mexico 55 8 16 4 More Kimmins, Lynnette C. Arizona 51 9 124 151 More Kazen, John A. Texas, S 48 10 447 - More Table 4. Top Ten Judges
All 10 of the "top ten" judges were in districts which were in the top ten with the largest number of filings per capit.
Judge Alia M. Moses in the Western District of Texas (San Antonio) ranked 1st with 145 defendants in cases. Judge Moses appeared in the top ten rankings one year (ranked 1) and five years ago (rank 1).
Judge Marina Garcia Marmolejo in the Southern District of Texas (Houston) ranked 2nd with 89 defendants in cases. Judge Garcia Marmolejo appeared in the top ten rankings one year (ranked 5) and five years ago (rank 3).
Judge Jacqueline M. Rateau in the District of Arizona ranked 3rd with 73 defendants in cases.
Report Generated: March 12, 2025
