Judge Lindsay W. Pepi

FY 2020 - 2025*, Santa Ana Immigration Court

*data covers the first 11 months of fiscal year 2025

Published Nov 7, 2025

Lindsay Weatherbee Pepi was appointed as an immigration judge to begin hearing cases in November 2023. Judge Pepi earned a Bachelor of Arts in 2004 from Northeastern University, and a joint Master of Science/Juris Doctor in 2007 from Roger Williams University/Roger Williams University School of Law. From 2021 to 2023, she served as a deputy city attorney with the Office of the City Attorney, in San Diego. From 2007 to 2021, she served as a U.S. Navy judge advocate in the following locations: Groton, Connecticut; Washington D.C.; Bagram, Afghanistan; Bremerton, Washington; Jacksonville, Florida; and San Diego. Judge Pepi is a member of the State Bar of California, the Massachusetts Bar, and the New York State Bar.

Deciding Asylum Cases

Detailed data on decisions by Judge Pepi were examined for the period covering fiscal years 2020 through the first 11 months of 2025. During this period, court records show that Judge Pepi decided 128 asylum claims on their merits. Of these, she granted asylum for 12, granted 0 other types of relief, and denied relief to 116. Converted to percentage terms, Pepi denied 90.6 percent and granted 9.4 percent of asylum cases (including forms of relief other than asylum).

Figure 1 provides a comparison of Judge Pepi's denial rate each fiscal year over this recent period. (Rates for years with less than 25 decisions are not shown.)

Nationwide Comparisons

Compared to Judge Pepi's denial rate of 90.6 percent, Immigration Court judges across the country denied 58.9 percent of asylum claims during this same period. Judges at the Santa Ana Immigration Court where Judge Pepi decided these cases denied asylum 67.1 percent of the time. See Figure 2.

Judge Pepi's asylum grant and denial rates are compared with other judges serving on the same court in this table. Note that when an Immigration Judge serves on more than one court during the same period, separate Immigration Judge reports are created for any Court in which the judge rendered at least 100 asylum decisions.

Why Do Denial Rates Vary Among Judges?

Although denial rates are shaped by each Judge's judicial philosophy, denial rates are also shaped by other factors, such as the types of cases on the Judge's docket, the detained status of immigrant respondents, current immigration policies, and other factors beyond an individual Judge's control. For example, TRAC has previously found that legal representation and the nationality of the asylum seeker are just two factors that appear to impact asylum decision outcomes.

The composition of cases may differ significantly between Immigration Courts in the country. Within a single Court when cases are randomly assigned to judges sitting on that Court, each Judge should have roughly a similar composition of cases given a sufficient number of asylum cases. Then variations in asylum decisions among Judges on the same Immigration Court would appear to reflect, at least in part, the judicial philosophy that the Judge brings to the bench. However, if judges within a Court are assigned to specialized dockets or hearing locations, then case compositions are likely to continue to differ and can contribute to differences in asylum denial rates.

Representation

When asylum seekers are not represented by an attorney, almost all of them (77%) are denied asylum. In contrast, a significantly higher proportion of represented asylum seekers are successful. In the case of Judge Pepi, 2.3% were not represented by an attorney. See Figure 3. For the nation as a whole, about 17.1% of asylum seekers are not represented.

Nationality

Asylum seekers are a diverse group. Over one hundred different nationalities had at least one hundred individuals claiming asylum decided during this period. As might be expected, immigration courts located in different parts of the country tend to have proportionately larger shares from some countries than from others. And, given the required legal grounds for a successful asylum claim, asylum seekers from some nations tend to be more successful than others.

The largest group of asylum seekers appearing before Judge Pepi came from Nicaragua. Individuals from this country made up 26.6% of her caseload. Other nationalities in descending order of frequency appearing before Judge Pepi were: Colombia (21.1%), India (14.1%), Guatemala (7.8%), Mexico (7.8%). See Figure 4.

In the nation as a whole during this same period, major nationalities of asylum seekers, in descending order of frequency, were Honduras (11.2%), Guatemala (11.2%), El Salvador (10.9%), Mexico (8.2%), China (5.2%), Venezuela (5.2%), India (5.1%), Ecuador (4.5%), Nicaragua (4.4%), Colombia (4.4%), Brazil (3.1%), Russia (3.1%), Cuba (2.8%).